Poor performance on Exam 2 was associated with behavioral disengagement and denial, whereas positive performance on Exam 1 was associated with self-encouragement and sustain coping. Coping behaviors were assessed before and after Exam 1 and Exam 2, and were markedly different, specifically after Exam 2. The data also did not support our hypothesis that level of optimism would predict a student’s exam grades. As a whole, the intervention was not fully supported by the data, as the changes in optimism were not large enough to be statistically reliable. While realistic optimism is a sign of mental health, unrealistic optimism can cause people to ignore problems and think negatively about themselves. The study took place across four time points. The purpose of the present study was to administer an intervention to students (N=67) to attempt to shift their perspective towards that of a cautious optimist, and to determine the effects of optimism on performance and coping. Yet the very prevalence of optimistic biases presents an intriguing dilemma: Given that many of the decisions people make, most of their choices, and. A cautious/realistic optimist is defined as someone that has a good grip on reality, and a cockeyed/unrealistic optimist as someone that engages in self-delusion (Wallston, 1994). However, research has found that there are two types of optimists: cautious/realistic and unrealistic/cockeyed. According to researchers (Shepperd, Waters, Weinstein, Klein, 2015), there are two basic. Historically, optimism has been studied as a dichotomous variable. Optimism that flies in the face of hard logic and harsh reality is termed, unrealistic optimism.
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